Glossary
The table below gives explanations to the most common terms used in the EFFECT model.
Term | Explanation |
---|---|
Cell | A cell is the basic unit in a worksheet (like K21 or A14) where data or formulas are entered |
CH4 | Methane, one of six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol. |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide— a naturally occurring gas that is a byproduct of burning fossil fuels and biomass, land-use changes, and other industrial processes— is the principal greenhouse gas and is used as a reference against which the other greenhouse gases are measured. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CO2 is defined as 1. |
CO2e | Carbon dioxide equivalent; a unit that allows different greenhouse gases with different GWPs to be added up by multiplying the weight of each gas by its GWP and expressing their impact in terms of equivalent CO2 emissions. |
EFFECT | Energy Forecasting Framework and Emissions Consensus Tool, an Excel based bottom-up, engineering-style model that supports the development and comparison of reference and low carbon scenarios for power, transport, and end-use energy (household, non residential, and industrial users). This model was initially developed for low carbon scenario planning in India by the World Bank and ESMAP and has since been used in a number of other countries. |
GDP | Gross Domestic Product. Gross domestic product at purchaser values (market prices) is the sum of gross value added by all resident and non-resident producers in the economy plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. National currency GDP is converted into U.S. dollars at the relevant year's conversion rate. |
GHG | Greenhouse gases (GHG): Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation. The six gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). |
Gompertz curve | A Gompertz curve or Gompertz function, named after Benjamin Gompertz, is a sigmoid function. It is a type of mathematical model for a time series, where growth is slowest at the start and end of a time period. The right-hand or future value asymptote of the function is approached much more gradually by the curve than the left-hand or lower valued asymptote, in contrast to the logistic function in which both asymptotes are approached by the curve symmetrically. |
GVW | Gross vehicle weight is the weight of the vehicle fully laden to the manufacturer's specifications. |
GWP | Global Warming Potential: The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure of how much a given mass of a specific greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming. The Kyoto Protocol is based on GWPs over different timeframes from pulse emissions over a 100-year time frame. For instance, CH4 and N2O have a GWP of 21 and 310 respectively, meaning that the emission 1 ton of CH4 has the same global warming effect as the emission of 24 tons of CO2 or 1 ton of N2O has the same global warming effect as 310 tons of CO2; both over a 100 year period. The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) has published reference values for GWPs of the greenhouse gases as part of its scientific assessments of climate change. |
HFCs | Hydrofluorocarbons are one group of six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol. |
Household Module | The module or collection of Sheets in the EFFECT Model that focus on the construction of reference and low carbon scenarios for household electricity use at a national level. |
LDC, Load Duration Curve | A load duration curve (LDC) is used in electric power generation to illustrate the relationship between generating installed capacity and power generation. It is a a nonchronological, graph summary of demand levels with corresponding time durations using a curve, which plots demand magnitude (power) on one axis and percent of time that the magnitude occurs on the other axis. |
LPG | Liquefied petroleum gas, also called LPG or “autogas”, is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. |
Marginal Abatement Costs | Marginal abatement costs are calculated as the present (discounted) values of costs for avoiding a one-tonne increase in the stock of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in the atmosphere. Marginal abatement costs are based on pair-wise comparison of alternatives achieving the same primary (generally non-climate-change related) objective. For example, the pair of activities may be two different vehicles transporting the same number of passengers or amount of goods over the same distance (that is, the same passenger kilometers or tonne kilometers over the life of each vehicle) |
Marginal Abatement Cost Curve | The Marginal Abatement Cost Curve is a graphic representation of the Marginal abatement costs of multiple technologies (or levers) ordered from lowest to highest cost (on the Y-axis) with the X-axis showing the total accumulated CO2e emissions reduction from these interventions. |
MMHE | Mean monthly household expenditure. |
MPCE | Monthly per capita expenditure. |
N2O | Nitrous oxide, one of six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol. |
NMT - Non-Motorized Transportation | Walking is the most familiar form of non-motorized transportation (NMT). Other common forms of NMT include bicycles/tricycles, skateboards, handcarts/wheelbarrows, animal drawn carts, human porterage and other human powered vehicles. The definition of NMT includes any form of transportation that provides personal or goods mobility by methods that do not make use of an energy consuming motor. Non-motorized transport modes often share the same infrastructure as on-road transport and can be promoted through improved sidewalks, crosswalks, paths, bikelanes and NMT-oriented land use and building design. |
PFCs | Perfluorocarbons, are one of six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol. |
Power module | The module/collection of Sheets in the EFFECT Model that focus on the construction of reference and low carbon scenarios for the power sector at a national level. |
Rebound Effect | Increasing energy efficiency reduces the cost of using energy and can result in an increase of demand. An example is the increase in kilometers traveled when car owners switch from gasoline to diesel-fueled vehicles. These effects can be large. A variant is the time rebound effect, which results when time savings lead to increased consumption. One example is faster transport leading to travelers increasing trip distances while keeping their total travel time constant. Direct rebound effects refer to increasing consumption of energy as a result of an effective reduction in the price of that energy service. Indirect rebound effects occur when lower effective prices free up financial resources that are spent on other goods, services, and factors of production which in turn consume energy. |
Reference scenario | The reference scenario describes the most likely development pathway based on usual best practice development decisions over the modeling period and assuming no special actions for low carbon development are taken. |
SF6 | Sulphur hexafluoride, one of six greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol. |
Sheet | See Worksheet. |
Transport Module | The module or workbook in the EFFECT Model that focus on the construction of reference and low carbon scenarios for on road transport at a national level. |
Vehicle mortality | Vehicle mortality is defined as the fraction of the population of a specific vehicle type that is removed from active service in a given year. This fraction will vary according to the age and usage of each vehicle type and other considerations. |
Vehicle parc | Is the total in-use population of vehicles. |
Winfrey Survival Curve | An empirically based bell-shaped mortality function developed by Robley Winfrey in 1935 whose parameters allow for various degrees of skewness and peakedness. The curve indicates the relative proportion of specific classes of equipment which survive to a given age. Further, the survival of all equipment displays similar relationship. That is, a family of curves exists. By selecting a particular curve which fits the characteristics of specific equipment, one can reasonably estimate the probability of survival to a given age. |
Workbook | A collection of Sheets in the EFFECT Model that contain all equations for a specific sector (e.g. power, transport, industry) to analysis reference and low carbon scenarios and where users enter country specific data. |
Worksheet | Worksheets or sheets are the pages in a workbook in Excel. Each sheet in the EFFECT model contains data and formulas regarding a specific topic in one of the modules, e.g. estimation of the Demand in the Power module or Population projections in the General module. |
Wo | Ex |